發表時間： 2007-01-07 07:00:59作者：劉宗正
美國《權利法案》(Bill of Rights)，在《憲法》上共有十項修正案；這十項修正案，旨在限制政府的權力與保護人民的權利；這十項修正案，與東亞大陸共產黨的法律精神完全相反，後者著重於強化政府的權力、嚴格管理與限制人民的行動。
美國的《憲法》與《權利法案》，建立在徹底尊重人的尊嚴與權利，建立在徹底尊重人的自由與選擇權利，建立在堅定信仰「人人平等、主權在民、人權高於主權、保護個體主義、保護自由主義」等的理念。
東亞大陸共產黨的偽《憲法》，旨在徹底摧毀人的尊嚴與權利，旨在剝奪人的自由與選擇權利，旨在徹底建立「人人不平等(黨階級專政)、主權在黨、主權高於人權、維護集體主義、維護專制主義」等的概念。
茲列出《權利法案》的十項修正案(Amendment)如下:
1. 第一修正案，其內容為，「Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.」(國會不得制定關於下列事項的法律：確立國教或禁止信教自由；剝奪言論自由或出版自由；或剝奪人民和平集會與向政府要求正義的權利。)
2.第二修正案，其內容為，「A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.」(紀律嚴明的民兵是保障自由成員國的安全所必需的，人民持有與攜帶武器的權利不可侵犯。)
3. 第三修正案，其內容為，「No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.」(未經房主同意，士兵平時不得駐紮在任何住宅；除依法律規定的方式，戰時也不得駐紮。)
4.第四修正案，其內容為，「The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.」(人民的人身、住宅、文件和財產不受無理搜查與扣押的權利，不得侵犯。除依據可能成立的理由，以宣誓或代誓宣言保證，並詳細說明搜查地點和扣押的人或物，不得發出搜查與扣押狀。)
5.第五修正案，其內容為，「No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.」(除非根據大陪審團的報告或起訴書，任何人不受死罪或其他重罪的審判，但發生在陸、海軍中或發生在戰時或出現公共危險時，服役的民兵中的案件除外；任何人不得因同一犯罪行為而兩次遭受生命或身體的危害；不得在任何刑事案件中被迫自證其罪；不經正當法律程式，不得被剝奪生命、自由或財產。不給予合理賠償，私有財產不得充作公共使用。)
6.第六修正案，其內容為，「In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.」(在一切刑事訴訟中，被告有權由犯罪行為發生地的State與地區的正義陪審團予以迅速與公開的審判，該地區應事先已由法律確定；得知控告的性質和理由；同原告證人對質；以強製程序取得對其有利的證人；並取得律師幫助為其辯護。)
7.第七修正案，其內容為，「In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.」(在習慣法的訴訟中，其爭執價額超過二十美元，由陪審團審判的權利應受到保護。由陪審團裁決的事實，合眾國的任何法院除非按照習慣法規則，不得重新審查。)
8.第八修正案，其內容為，「Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.」(不得要求過多的保釋金，不得處以過重的罰金，不得施加殘酷與非常的懲罰。)
9.第九修正案，其內容為， 「The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.」(本憲法對某些權利的列舉，不得被解釋為否定或輕視由人民保留的其它權利)。
10.第十修正案，其內容為，「The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.(憲法未授予合眾國、也未禁止各成員國行使的權力，由各成員國各自保留，或由人民保留)。
這十項修正案，明顯體現了「人權是自然的，人是神聖不可侵犯的，人是不可以被奴役的，人生來是自由的，人有言論與信仰的自由，人在權利上是平等的，人擁有自衛權，人擁有私有財產權，人擁有隱私權」等理念。
這十項修正案，明顯體現了「主權在民與人民民主」的權利；明顯體現了「陪審團對保護人民權利」的正義意義；明顯體現了「具體保障人民權利的措施」；明顯體現了「《憲法》中沒有規定的權利都屬於人民」；也明顯體現了「人民自由與創造的可能性」。
美國的《憲法》與《權利法案》，不就是美國成為偉大道德與正義國家的原因？不就是美國成為偉大民主與自由國家的原因？不就是美國成為偉大人權與法治國家的原因？不就是美國成為偉大誠信與文明創造國家的原因？不就是美國成為偉大博愛與幸福國家的原因？不就是美國成為全人類所夢想追求的理想家園的原因？
2007-1-2
美國的《憲法》與《權利法案》，建立在徹底尊重人的尊嚴與權利，建立在徹底尊重人的自由與選擇權利，建立在堅定信仰「人人平等、主權在民、人權高於主權、保護個體主義、保護自由主義」等的理念。
東亞大陸共產黨的偽《憲法》，旨在徹底摧毀人的尊嚴與權利，旨在剝奪人的自由與選擇權利，旨在徹底建立「人人不平等(黨階級專政)、主權在黨、主權高於人權、維護集體主義、維護專制主義」等的概念。
茲列出《權利法案》的十項修正案(Amendment)如下:
1. 第一修正案，其內容為，「Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.」(國會不得制定關於下列事項的法律：確立國教或禁止信教自由；剝奪言論自由或出版自由；或剝奪人民和平集會與向政府要求正義的權利。)
2.第二修正案，其內容為，「A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.」(紀律嚴明的民兵是保障自由成員國的安全所必需的，人民持有與攜帶武器的權利不可侵犯。)
3. 第三修正案，其內容為，「No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.」(未經房主同意，士兵平時不得駐紮在任何住宅；除依法律規定的方式，戰時也不得駐紮。)
4.第四修正案，其內容為，「The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.」(人民的人身、住宅、文件和財產不受無理搜查與扣押的權利，不得侵犯。除依據可能成立的理由，以宣誓或代誓宣言保證，並詳細說明搜查地點和扣押的人或物，不得發出搜查與扣押狀。)
5.第五修正案，其內容為，「No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.」(除非根據大陪審團的報告或起訴書，任何人不受死罪或其他重罪的審判，但發生在陸、海軍中或發生在戰時或出現公共危險時，服役的民兵中的案件除外；任何人不得因同一犯罪行為而兩次遭受生命或身體的危害；不得在任何刑事案件中被迫自證其罪；不經正當法律程式，不得被剝奪生命、自由或財產。不給予合理賠償，私有財產不得充作公共使用。)
6.第六修正案，其內容為，「In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.」(在一切刑事訴訟中，被告有權由犯罪行為發生地的State與地區的正義陪審團予以迅速與公開的審判，該地區應事先已由法律確定；得知控告的性質和理由；同原告證人對質；以強製程序取得對其有利的證人；並取得律師幫助為其辯護。)
7.第七修正案，其內容為，「In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.」(在習慣法的訴訟中，其爭執價額超過二十美元，由陪審團審判的權利應受到保護。由陪審團裁決的事實，合眾國的任何法院除非按照習慣法規則，不得重新審查。)
8.第八修正案，其內容為，「Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.」(不得要求過多的保釋金，不得處以過重的罰金，不得施加殘酷與非常的懲罰。)
9.第九修正案，其內容為， 「The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.」(本憲法對某些權利的列舉，不得被解釋為否定或輕視由人民保留的其它權利)。
10.第十修正案，其內容為，「The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.(憲法未授予合眾國、也未禁止各成員國行使的權力，由各成員國各自保留，或由人民保留)。
這十項修正案，明顯體現了「人權是自然的，人是神聖不可侵犯的，人是不可以被奴役的，人生來是自由的，人有言論與信仰的自由，人在權利上是平等的，人擁有自衛權，人擁有私有財產權，人擁有隱私權」等理念。
這十項修正案，明顯體現了「主權在民與人民民主」的權利；明顯體現了「陪審團對保護人民權利」的正義意義；明顯體現了「具體保障人民權利的措施」；明顯體現了「《憲法》中沒有規定的權利都屬於人民」；也明顯體現了「人民自由與創造的可能性」。
美國的《憲法》與《權利法案》，不就是美國成為偉大道德與正義國家的原因？不就是美國成為偉大民主與自由國家的原因？不就是美國成為偉大人權與法治國家的原因？不就是美國成為偉大誠信與文明創造國家的原因？不就是美國成為偉大博愛與幸福國家的原因？不就是美國成為全人類所夢想追求的理想家園的原因？
2007-1-2
